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=
Prat
A
IS=
SN: 2278-5=
264 (Online) 2321=
-=
93=
19 (Print)
Im=
pact Factor: 6.=
28 (=
I=
ndex Copernicus
International)
Volume=
-V, Issue-II,
October 2016, Page No. 38-44
P=
u=
blished by Dept.
of Bengali, Karimganj College, Karimganj,
Assam, India<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New R=
oman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-language:BN-BD'>
“Inf=
luences
of Motivational Factors on Entrepreneurship:
A study of=
Rangia Development Block under R=
angia
Sub-Division in Kamrup District, Assam”=
span>
Dr. Dilip Ch.
Das
Asst. Prof. & HoD,
Commerce, Goreswar College, Goreswar
(BTAD) Baksa, Assam, India
Abstract
In this re=
search
paper, we have classified several human motivation factors that make influe=
nce
the entrepreneurial process and entrepreneurship in Ra=
ngia
Sub-Division of Kamrup district. The socio-econ=
omic,
psychological and cultural factors of one’s milieu naturally influence
one to be an entrepreneur. In this process, we consider that all human acti=
on
is the result of motivational factors, however, environmental factors (such
includes the status of the economy, the availability of venture capital the=
actions
of competitors, and government regulations) also play a role that being held
constant, but the human motivation plays a critical role in the entrepreneu=
rial
process. To this end, we suggest more ways, how human motivation influences=
the
entrepreneurial process to develop entrepreneurship.
Key Words: Entrepreneurship, Motivat=
ion,
Ambition.
Introduction:
Entrepreneurship
is an important process by which new knowledge is converted into products a=
nd
services. The socio-economic, psychological and the cultural factors of
one’s environment naturally influence one in his/her effort to be an
entrepreneur. A congenial industrial environment can certainly foster
entrepreneurship and flourish the entrepreneurs. But entrepreneurship requi=
res
one to have courage, ambition, optimism, and ability to take risks. However,
the acquisition of these characteristics is to some extent conditioned by
one’s environment where in he/she wants to pursue business.
Entrepreneurs are
motivated to start a business /enterprise because of the factors like ambit=
ious
factors, compelling factors and others. Entrepreneurship is a way of life, a
habit of mind. A number of factors contribute in motivating the entrepreneu=
rs to
venture and emerge successful. Being entrepreneurial means being able to indentify, start, and maintain a viable and profitable
business, particularly a small enterprise. A number of factors help motivat=
e,
encourage and influence entrepreneurs to set up and grow their businesses
(Eduardo Morato, 2005). Whatever may be the rea=
son,
it can be said that in most of the times of the history of human civilizati=
on,
there were entrepreneurs who did independent business and this trend of his=
tory
still continues. For the last few decades in all over the world, entreprene=
urs
are regarded as value adding people to the society. The common man thinks t=
hat
people go into business and became entrepreneurs solely to make money. The
desire to earn money is no doubt an important motivating force. But
entrepreneurs are motivated not for profits alone.
Entrepreneurship
and Human Motivation: Entrepreneurship is pivotal for economic progres=
s of
any nation. Development of entrepreneurs leads to rapid industrialization a=
nd
thus paves the way for the prosperity and fortune of a country. Entrepreneu=
rial
activity is a vital source of innovation, employment and economic growth. T=
he
wealth and growth of a nation depends on the excellence of its people. If t=
hey
are enterprising, ambitious and courageous enough to bear the risk, the
community or society will develop quickly. Such people are identified as
entrepreneurs and their character reflects entrepreneurship. Entrepreneursh=
ip
derives innovation and technical change, and therefore generates economic
growth (Schumpeter, 1934). As the Austrian economists have explained,
entrepreneurial action is the process through which supply and demand are
equilibrated (Kirzner, 1997). Entrepreneurship =
has
become an important vocation and we need to understand its role in the
development of human and intellectual capital (Zahra & Dess,
2001).
Motivational
differences also influence the entrepreneurial process. For example, such
things as variation across people, in their perceptions of risk and places,=
for
selecting opportunities to influence entrepreneurial decisions (Shane and <=
span
class=3DSpellE>Venkataraman, 2000). People vary in how they view the=
risk
of expending resources before knowing the distribution of outcomes. Similar=
ly,
we consider the people variation in motivation to be important to the
entrepreneurial process. While it is clear the factors how motivation is
related to entrepreneurship, it is less clear how opportunities affect this
relationship.
Review
of Literature: Several
Research studies have been conducted to identify the factors that inspire
entrepreneurs.
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
James T. Mc.
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
Akhouri
(1979) in his short easy stressed that the basic features of entrepreneursh=
ip
are propensity to take risk, strong need for achievement, economic inside, =
and
management skill. These influence immensely entrepreneurial development.
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
Kabir
(2004) in his study identified the internal motivating factor such as
‘desire to work independently’ emerged as the main motivating
factor, while ‘occupational experience’ got the second highest
preferences from the entrepreneurs. The external motivating factors compris=
ing
‘assistance from government and financial institutions’ and the
‘availability of technology and raw materials’ acted as the less
important inducting factors for adopting entrepreneurial activities
irrespective of different geographical locations. Surpr=
isingly
‘educational qualifications’ as an internal motivating factor h=
ad
little to do with their emergence as the entrepreneurs.
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
Manickavasagam
(2007) concluded in their work that ‘family members, friends and
relatives’ influenced to start the entrepreneurial activity. In addit=
ion
the above, the study highlighted the difficulties for launching the enterpr=
ises
in the study area are lack of training, lack of awareness, limited support =
from
family members, lack of guidance and counseling, lack of finance and market=
ing
are the initial problems of entrepreneurs.
Research
Methodology: The
present article makes an attempt to study on entrepreneurial motivational
factors influence towards entrepreneurship in the Rang=
ia
Sub-Division of Kamrup District of Assam. There=
are
four development blocks under Rangia Sub-divisi=
on in Kamrup District viz Kamalpur, Rangia, Bihdia Jajikona and Goreswar development Blocks and out of four developme=
nt
blocks, we have selected only Rangia development
block for the collection of p=
rimary
data.
Objectives:
The present
study has two specific objectives such as:
Sample
Design: Due
to non-availability of up-to-date statistics and large number of Micro and
Small Enterprise in Rangia Development Block, a
representative of sample of 120 entrepreneurs drawn through the convenience
sampling method comprises of entrepreneurs/business owners who have started
their own business or enterprises in Rangia
Development Block under Rangia Sub-Division of =
Kamrup District of Assam.
Sources of Data: The sample entrepreneur’s comprises owners, partners, or managing directo= rs of the enterprises were considered as the main sources of primary data. And= the primary data were collected through a structured schedule. The schedule contains profile of the entrepreneurs and enterprises and motivational fact= ors of entrepreneurs like, ambitious factors and compelling factors and other.<= o:p>
Scope
and Limitations of the Study: The scope of the study is limited to=
Micro
and Small entrepreneurs in the Rangia Developme=
nt
Block of Rangia Sub-Division in Kamrup
District. And the study period has been chosen from April 2014 to June 2014=
due
to data availability for the study, in order to cover manufacturing and
services industries of sample enterprises in Rangia
Development Block of Rangia Sub-Division in
Results
and Discussions: As
aims of the present study was is to inquire into the reasons which urged a
compelled them to become entrepreneurs, the factors of motivations which
facilitated the process of their entrepreneurship.
Ambitions
of Entrepreneurs: Ambitions
or aspirations motivate men, activate them, widen their outlook and make th=
eir
lives more meaningful and successful. Ambition is the mother of all motives=
. It
directs the intentions and initiative of an individual. What is more it
electrifies one’s actions. What matters most is=
span>
what aspirations men/woman have and what do they do to realize them.
Entrepreneurship is to be developed from a very young age. It becomes the
particular duty of parents, teachers and leaders in developing nations to
instill ambition in the minds of their young.
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
Unfulfilled ambi=
tions
or aspirations could be passed on to those of the next generation who may s=
eek
to realize them with redoubled effort and vigor. So, ambition nourishes
achievement motivation, and achievement motivation makes for economic growth
and development, ambition, as understood in the present context is neither
greed nor a desire for a windfall. Ambition is not even grouping in darknes=
s. Well-conceived
notions, careful planning, calculated risk taking, timely decision-making a=
nd
swift execution make ambitions meaningful and fruitful (Gangadhar
Rao N, 1978).
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
The
below table presents the different ambitions to process entrepreneurship.=
span>
They include continuing family business, earning money, secure self-employm=
ent,
fulfilling the ambition of self/parents/husband and gaining social statuses.
There could be several other ambitions too, but it is almost impossible to =
make
a list of all of them here, they are all subsumed under the title ‘any
other ambitions’.
Table no-1=
: Ambitions =
which
motivated them to become an Entrepreneurs
Ambitions |
MURARA |
BALISHATRA |
NAKUL |
Total |
To earn money |
9 |
17 |
9 |
35 |
22.5% |
42.5% |
22.5% |
29.2% |
|
To continue family business |
12 |
8 |
3 |
23 |
30.0% |
20.0% |
7.5% |
19.2% |
|
To fulfill the ambition of
self/parents/spouse |
5 |
6 |
13 |
24 |
12.5% |
15.0% |
32.5% |
20.0% |
|
To secure self-employment |
10 |
6 |
10 |
26 |
25.0% |
15.0% |
15.0% |
21.7% |
|
To improve status |
4 |
2 |
5 |
11 |
10.0% |
5.0% |
12.5% |
9.2% |
|
Others* |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0.0% |
2.5% |
0.0% |
0.8% |
|
Total |
40 |
40 |
40 |
120 |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Note: Figures in
parentheses indicate percentages to totals.
Source: Field
study.
Others*:
‘strong
desire to do something’, ‘satisfaction in independent living=
217;
and ‘self-employment of their children’ etc.
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
The table no.1 s=
hows
that, the ambition factor ‘to earn money’ were influenced high =
as
29.2% of the entrepreneurs (35 out of 120 ) to became and entrepreneurs amo=
ng
all ambitions in the study. Next in order 21.7% of the entrepreneurs (26 ou=
t of
120) were influenced by an ambition of ‘to secure self-employment, 20=
.0%
entrepreneurs (24 out of 120) were influenced by an ambition of ‘to
fulfillment of the self/parents/spouse’, 19.2% entrepreneurs (23 out =
of
120) were influenced by an ambition ‘to continue family business̵=
7;,
9.2% entrepreneurs (11 out of 120) were influenced by an ambition ‘to
improve the status’ and only 1% entrepreneurs (1 out of 120) were
influenced by an ambition of ‘others’ such includes, ‘str=
ong
desire to do something’, ‘satisfaction in independent living=
217;
and ‘self-employment their children’ etc.
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
Looked the area =
wise,
the majority 17 entrepreneurs (out of 40) in Balishart=
ra
area were responded as a factor ‘to earn money’ was influenced =
to
become an entrepreneur in the study. Similarly 13 entrepreneurs in the Nakul area and 12 entrepreneurs in the Murara
area in the Rangia Development Block responded =
as a
factor ‘to continue family business’ and 10 entrepreneurs in th=
e Murara and Nakul areas ea=
ch were opted the ambition factor as ‘to secure
self-employment.
&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p;
It may be intere= sting to note that while all the 120 entrepreneurs/businessmen, most of the sample entrepreneurs, had opted a factor ‘to earn money’ which influenced for starting their enterprises/entrepreneursh= ip. On the contrary, it is the lead ambition, but it is closely linked with oth= er ambitions. Another important finding is that the entrepreneurs seek to ‘secure self-employment’ through starting industrial activity.<= o:p>
Compelling
Factors: It is very interesting that sometimes, it=
is
some compulsion other than a particular ambition that has entertained that
needs one to undertake an entrepreneurial activity. One=
’s
initial ambition and the opportunities available to translate his/her dreams
into reality. Sometimes may clash with each other. Then their destin=
y is
shaped by the compulsion of the situation. What compulsions would arise for=
one
to seek entrepreneurship in industry which may not be their preference, it =
is
not easy to say. The mere fact of being without any employment for a time m=
ade
compel one goes after an enterprise. There are instances, though few in num=
ber,
of people who having sought in vain even a petty employment, have resorted =
to
trade out of sheer necessity, and ultimately became very successful industr=
ial
entrepreneurs, providing employment to many others. They may illustrate that
certain compelling circumstances bring to light one’s latent
potentialities of which one may not be aware at all. Therefore it is quite
appropriate to inquire into the compelling reasons which may have impelled
people to seek entrepreneurship.
Table No-2=
: Compelling
factors leading to becoming Entrepreneurs
Compelling Factors |
MURARA |
BALISHATRA |
NAKUL |
Total |
To make use of idle funds |
8 |
7 |
9 |
24 |
20.0% |
17.5% |
22.5% |
20.0% |
|
Unemployment |
12 |
10 |
22 |
44 |
30.0% |
25.0% |
55.0% |
36.7% |
|
Dissatisfaction with the
job/occupation |
8 |
18 |
3 |
29 |
20.0% |
45.0% |
7.5% |
24.2% |
|
Diversification of economic intere=
st |
1 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
2.5% |
5.0% |
5.0% |
4.2% |
|
To make use of technical and
professional skills |
5 |
1 |
2 |
8 |
12.5% |
2.5% |
5.0% |
6.7% |
|
Others* |
6 |
2 |
2 |
10 |
15.0% |
5.0% |
5.0% |
8.3% |
|
Total |
40 |
40 |
40 |
120 |
Source: Field vis=
it.
*other
compelling factors includes ‘revival of sick units started by other
family members’, ‘maintenance of large families’, ‘=
to
gain equal status’ with their relatives already who have socially and
economically high position etc.
The Table no. 2 =
shows
the options of the respondents towards the compelling factors to start their
enterprises and fostering entrepreneurship. Out of the sample 120
entrepreneurs, majority 44 entrepreneurs (36.7%) started their ventures due=
to
the ‘unemployment’. Next in order appear those who followed, 29
(24.2%) were ‘dissatisfaction with the previous job/occupation’=
, 24
(20.0%) were ‘to make use of idle funds’, 10 (8.3%) were
‘others’, 8 (6.7%) were to make use of technical and profession=
al
skills’, the entrepreneurs who have responded as the compelling facto=
rs
‘diversification of economic interest’ were only 5 out of 120
(4.2%).
The
‘unemployment’ was the major compelling factors influenced the
entrepreneurs in all most all the division of the study, except Balishatra which was found the ‘dissatisfaction=
of
previous occupation/job’. To conclude most of them turned to industry=
not
because they were unemployed or unhappy with the previous job or occupation.
This is because they felt that their abilities were certainly more than what
their job required.
Conclusion: The findings of the stu=
dy
helped to conclude that entrepreneurship development is influenced by diffe=
rent
factors including the entrepreneurs’ ambitions and compelled reasons.=
The
factors responsible for starting the business by the entrepreneurs differ individual to individual entrepreneurs, the
entrepreneurs due to their conservative traditional attitude, risk adverse
tendency, noncooperation of family members and supporting institutions, etc.
are sometimes deterred to start business. However the family hardship,
parents’ injury or death often compelled the entrepreneurs and the st=
rong
desire to be self-reliant and to be contributors towards family pulled the
entrepreneurs starting their business. The aged entrepreneurs because of th=
eir
dissatisfaction with previous profession while the young entrepreneurs, eit=
her
because of no or low education or having no public or private job or their
family members’ pressure was forced to be business entrepreneurs. For=
entrepreneurs
of all categories, helping family members through making more money was the
main motivating factor. Though it is very difficult to distinguish between
ambition and compelled factors, it can, however, from the preceding finding=
and
analysis, be concluded that entrepreneurs’ motivational factors played
motivational role to undertake ventures. On the whole entrepreneurship
acknowledges that motivated entrepreneurs are important to the entrepreneur=
ial
process.
Notes
and References:
“Influences of Motivational Factors on Entrepreneurship: A stud=
y of
Rangia Development…” Dilip C=
h. Das